Lesson 16 The modern city 现代城市

First listen and then answer the following question.

听录音,然后回答以下问题。

What is the author's main argument about the modern city?

In the organization of industrial life the influence of the factory upon the physiological and mental state of the workers has been completely neglected. Modern industry is based on the conception of the maximum production at lowest cost, in order that an individual or a group of individuals may earn as much money as possible. It has expanded without any idea of the true nature of the human beings who run the machines, and

5 without giving any consideration to the effects produced on the individuals and on their descendants by the artificial mode of existence imposed by the factory. The great cities have been built with no regard for us. The shape and dimensions of the skyscrapers depend entirely on the necessity of obtaining the maximum income per square foot of ground, and of offering to the tenants offices and apartments that please them. This caused the construction of gigantic buildings where too large masses of human beings are crowded

10 together. Civilized men like such a way of living. While they enjoy the comfort and banal luxury of their dwelling, they do not realize that they are deprived of the necessities of life. The modern city consists of monstrous edifices and of dark, narrow streets full of petrol fumes and toxic gases, torn by the noise of the taxicabs, lorries and buses, and thronged ceaselessly by great crowds. Obviously, it has not been planned for the good of its inhabitants. ALEXIS CARREL' Man, the Unknown

An aerial veiw of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

New words and expressions 生词和短语

Unit 2 Lesson 16 physiological (1.1) $/$ fiziə'lɒdʒɪkəl/ adj. 生理的 civilized (1.10) / 'sIVal-aIzd/ adj. 文明的

maximum (1.2) / 'mæksɪməm/ adj. 最大限度的 banal (1.10)/bə'nɑːl/adj. 平庸的

consideration (1.5) $/k \geq {n}{1}$ side rel $\int a{n}/n$ . 考虑 luxury (1.10) $/1 \land k\int a\mathrm/n$ . 豪华

descendant (1.5) $/\mathrm{d}{\mathbf{I}}^{\prime }$ sendent $/n$ . 子孙,后代 deprive (1.11) $/{\mathrm}^{\prime }$ praiv $/v$ . 剥夺 artificial (1.6) ${I}_{1}$ attl’fiʃal/ adj. 人工的 monstrous (1.12) /'mɒnstrəs/ adj. 畸形的

impose (1.6) $/{\mathrm}^{\prime }\mathrm{p}$ 302 $/\mathrm{v}$ . 强加 edifice (1.12) $/$ edɪfɪs/ $n$ . 大厦

dimension (1.7) $/$ daɪ'menʃən/ $n$ . 直径 toxic (1.12) / toksık/ adj. 有毒的 skyscraper (1.7) /’skaɪˌskreɪpə/ n. 摩天大楼 ceaselessly (1.13) /'siːsləsli/ adv. 不停地

tenant (1.8) /’tenənt/ n. 租户 throng (1.13) $/\theta$ roŋ $/v$ . 挤满,壅塞

Notes on the text 课文注释

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1 in order that ..., 以使 ……, 为了 ……, 引导目的状语从句。

2 without any idea of, 完全忽视 ……。

3 without giving any consideration to ..., 完全不考虑 ……。

4 with no regard for, 不考虑……。

5 be deprived of, 被剥夺。

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参考译文

在工业生活的组织中, 工厂对工人的生理和精神状态的影响完全被忽视了。现代工业的基本概念是: 以最低成本获取最多产品,为的是让某个个人或某一部分人尽可能多地赚钱。现代工业发展起来了,却根本没想到操作机器的人的本质。工厂把一种人为的生存方式强加给工人, 却不顾及这种生存方式给工人及其后代带来的影响。大城市的建设毫不关心我们。摩天大楼完全是按这样的需要修建的: 每平方英尺地皮取得最大收入和向租房人提供使他满意的办公室和住房。这样就导致了许多摩天大厦拔地而起,大厦内众多的人挤在一起。文明人喜欢这样一种生活方式。在享受自己住宅的舒适和庸俗的豪华时,却没有意识到被剥夺了生活所必需的东西。 大得吓人的高楼和阴暗狭窄的街道组成了今日现代化的城市。街道上充斥着汽油味和有毒气体,出租汽车、卡车、公共汽车的噪音刺耳难忍,络绎不绝的人群挤来挤去。显然,现代化的城市不是为居民的利益而规划的。

Comprehension 理解

Give short answers to these questions in your own words as far as possible. Use one complete sentence for each answer.

1 In what way is a modern factory similar to a large city?

2 What, according to the author, led to the building of huge skyscrapers?

3 What do those who enjoy living in cities fail to realize?

Vocabulaary 词汇

Refer to the text to see how the following words have been used, then write sentences of your own using these words: physiological (1.1); neglected (1.2); expanded (1.4); artificial mode of existence (1.6); regard (1.6); the maximum income (II.7-8); construction (I.9); banal (I.10); monstrous edifices (I.12); toxic (I.12); thronged ceaselessly by great crowds (I.13).

Unit 2 Lesson 16

The paragraph 段落

A Which of these statements best expresses the author's main argument? Give reasons for your choice:

1 Modern cities have not been planned for the good of their inhabitants.

2 Man is obsessed by the desire for profit.

3 Great cities, like modern factories, impose on us an artificial way of life.

B The following sentences are taken from lines 1-6. Arrange them in their correct order. Do not refer to the passage until you have finished the exercise:

Modern industry is based on the conception of the maximum production at lowest cost, in order that an individual or a group of individuals may earn as much money as possible.

In the organization of industrial life the influence of the factory upon the physiological and mental state of the workers has been completely neglected.

It has expanded without any idea of the true nature of the human beings who run the machines, and without giving any consideration to the effects produced on the individuals and on their descendants by the artificial mode of existence imposed by the factory.

Key structures 关键句型

A Give the correct form of the verbs in parentheses. Do not refer to the passage until you have finished the exercise:

In the organization of industrial life the influence of the factory upon the physiological and mental state of the workers completely _____ (neglect). Modern industry _____ (base) on the conception of the maximum production at lowest cost, in order that an individual or a group of individuals may earn as much money as possible. It _____ (expand) without any idea of the true nature of the human beings who (run) the machines, and without _____ (give) any consideration to the effect produced on the individuals and on their descendants by the artificial mode of existence imposed by the factory. The great cities _____ (build) with no regard for us. (ll. 1-6) B Study the pattern in italics in this sentence:

Modern industry is based on the conception of the maximum production at lowest cost, in order that an individual or a group of individuals may (or might) earn as much money as possible. (II.2-4)

Complete the following sentences:

1 He is attending English classes in order that _____.

2 She works very hard in order that _____.

3 The Prime Minister has gone abroad in order that _____.

C Note the phrase in italics: 'In order that an individual or a group of individuals may earn as much money as possible.' (11.3-4)

Write sentences using the following phrases:

as many as possible; as far as possible; as few as possible; as little as possible.

D Write sentences using the following expressions:

influence upon (1.1); based on (1.2); the true nature of (1.4); mode of (1.6); regard for (1.6); depend on (1.7); the necessity of (1.7); deprived of (1.11); consist of (1.11); full of (1.12). Unit 2 Lesson 16

E Compare these two sentences:

Instead of saying : Although they enjoy the comfort and banal luxury of their dwelling, they do not realize that they are deprived of the necessities of life.

While they enjoy the comfort and banal luxury of their dwelling, they do not realize that they are deprived of the necessities of life. (ll.10-11)

Complete the following sentences using your own words:

1 While we are less concerned _____ .

2 While modern cities have grown in size_____.

3 While factory conditions have improved _____.

Special difficulties 难点

A Study the following pairs of words and then write sentences of your own to bring out the difference.

1 physiological (1.1) - psychological

The doctor could not find any physiological cause of his illness.

John says he's got some sort of virus, but I'm sure it's psychological.

2 neglect (1.2) - ignore

Heavy drinking is one reason why some people neglect themselves.

I won't accept any responsibility if you choose to ignore my advice.

3 modern (1.2) - contemporary

The original supermarkets were small by modern standards.

I have no interest at all in contemporary Japanese prints.

4 earn (1.3) - win

He earns nearly 45,000 dollars a year.

Who do you think will win the next election?

5 please (I.8) - beg

It pleases me to say that we got what we wanted as a result of taking your advice.

I beg you to consider carefully before you make up your mind.

B Note this use of per in the sense of for each:

The necessity of obtaining the maximum income per square foot of ground ... (II.7-8)

Write sentences using the following expressions:

per mile; per hour; per person; per yard; per cent.

C Explain the meaning of the verb crowd in these sentences:

1 Large masses of human beings are crowded together. (II.9-10)

2 When it began to rain, everyone crowded into the building.

3 He crowded a lot of information into the last chapter.

D What is the plural of the following words:

necessity; mass; bus; gas; lorry; taxicab; city.

Unit 2 Lesson 16 Multiple choice questions 多项选择题

Choose the correct answers to the following questions.

Comprehension 理解

1 The purpose of modern industry is to _____ .

(a) produce as much as possible as cheaply as possible

(b) ignore the mental and physical state of the workers

(c) enable individuals to earn as much money as possible

(d) achieve maximum production regardless of cost

2 Factories require people to _____ .

(a) run machines without thinking

(b) lead an unnatural way of life

(c) ignore the effects produced on individuals

(d) take into account the true nature of human beings

3 According to the writer, some people who live in modern cities _____.

(a) try to obtain maximum income from property

(b) are responsible for the shape and dimension of skyscrapers

(c) take pleasure in living in the conditions a city imposes

(d) offer tenants offices and apartments that please them

4 The writer believes that conditions in modern cities _____.

(a) have caused the construction of gigantic buildings

(b) are deprived of the necessities of life

(c) are comfortable and luxurious

(d) are actively harmful to the inhabitants

Structure 句型

5 It is based on maximum production _____ earn as much as possible. (II.2-3)

(a) for individuals to (b) so as individuals (c) for individuals (d) in order individuals

6 It has expanded with _____ idea of the true nature of human beings. (1.4)

(a) little (b) few (c) some (d) no

7 This caused the construction of gigantic buildings _____ too large masses ... (1.9)

(a) at which (b) on which (c) to which (d) in which

8 _____ they enjoy the comfort and banal luxury of their dwelling ... (II.10-11)

(a) During (b) Though (c) At the time (d) When

Vocabulary 词汇

9 The _____ of the factory on workers has been completely neglected. (II.1-2)

(a) effect (b) affection (c) extent (d) measurement

10 The city has _____ without any idea of the true nature of human beings. (1.4)

(a) grown up (b) grown (c) been grown (d) been grown up

11 They are _____ the necessities of life. (1.11)

(a) denied (b) refused (c) discarded (d) ignored

12 The modern city _____ monstrous edifices and dark narrow streets. (II.11-12)

(a) consists (b) cohabits (c) comprises (d) constitutes

Unit 3

INSTRUCTIONS TO THE STUDENT

Content

This unit consists of eight passages followed by exercises on Comprehension, Vocabulary, The paragraph, Key structures, Special difficulties and Multiple choice questions.

Aim

To provide more advanced practice in paragraph construction.

How to work

1 Read each passage carefully two or three times.

2 Answer the questions in the order in which they are given.

The paragraph

All the exercises under this heading are based on the passage. The following types of exercise have been given:

1 Writing a list of the points in note form to answer a question on the main ideas contained in part of the passage.

2 Enabling you to reconstruct in your own words a paragraph taken from the passage by providing you with the main ideas in note form.

3 Writing a short paragraph of your own on a subject which is in some way related to the passage.